INFOGRAPHICS
Hyponatremia, Osmolality, & Tonicity 
Etiologies of Metabolic Alkalosis 
Calcium Homeostasis 
Etiologies of Nephrotic Syndrome 
Etiologies of Hyperkalemia
Urinalysis
Kidney Pathology
Kidney/Bladder Imaging
Dialysis Access Imaging
Lung Ultrasound
URINALYSIS
Squamous Epithelial Cells
Transitional Epithelial Cells (ref)
Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells (ref)
Hyaline Cast (made of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein, secreted by tubules) (ref)
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Dysmorphic RBC
RBC Cast (ref)
White Blood Cell Cast (ref)
Broad/Waxy Cast
Dark Granular/”Muddy Brown Casts”
Fatty Oval Body (under polarized light on right) (ref)
Dark red/brown urine (ref): seen with hemoglobinuria, hematuria, myoglobinuria, porphyria, bile fragments, food/drugs
COMING SOON: yeast, bacteria, and crystals!
KIDNEY PATHOLOGY
Normal Kidney
Minimal Change Disease
IgA Nephropathy
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Post-Infectious Glomerulonephritis
Rhabdomyolysis
Class IV Lupus Nephritis
Lupus Membranous Nephropathy, Class V
Kidney Allograft Adenovirus Nephropathy
Kidney Allograft BK Virus Nephropathy
KIDNEY/BLADDER IMAGING
Normal Kidney (ultrasound, sagittal view)
Echogenic Kidney (ultrasound, sagittal view)
Hydronephrosis
Ultrasound, sagittal view
Ultrasound, kidney transplant, sagittal view
Computed Tomography (CT)
Polycystic Kidneys
Ultrasound, sagittal view
Computed Tomography (CT)
Bladder (moderate wall thickening) with Urine
DIALYSIS ACCESS IMAGING
Outflow Stenosis (visualized during fistulagram)
Relief of Outflow Stenosis (after fistulaplasty)
Arteriovenous Graft (AVG) with Venous Anastomosis Stenosis & Intra-Graft Stenosis
In-Stent Stenosis of Cephalic Vein Arch
LUNG ULTRASOUND
B-Lines (ref)
