Great choice! You should look for complement-mediated diseases in patients who present with nephritis.

HIV infection can be associated with collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). FSGS presents as a nephrotic syndrome and not as a nephritic syndrome. Try again!

Yes! When you suspected a rapidly progressing nephritis in a patient, it is always important to ensure there are no signs of pulmonary hemorrhage, which is a true clinical emergency.

ANCA-associated vasculitis is a rare disease but is important to consider when suspecting a rapidly progressing nephritis. However, this likely wouldn’t be part of the first tier of diagnostic work-up

 It is important to obtain imaging of the kidneys and bladder in patients with acute kidney injury and hematuria to ensure appropriate renal size, to evaluate for renal structural disorders, renal or bladder masses, and to evaluate for any signs of obstruction from renal calculi. It is also important to confirm that a patient’s renal lengths are appropriate for their age. Kidney size is a marker for kidney mass and function, and many studies have described associations between renal length and nephron mass. If a patient’s kidneys are smaller than normal for their age, this is a sign that either a developmental or congenital problem occurred or a chronic insult to the kidney has occurred, such as repeated episodes of acute kidney injury. Larger kidneys suggest that there is a state of hyperfiltration occurring, such as in patients with obesity, or inflammation/edema, such as with nephritis or nephrosis.

Correct! Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is the most common form of acute glomerulonephritis encountered in children.

1. Both kidneys are swollen and demonstrate increased cortical echogenicity and uroepithelial thickening compatible with nonspecific acute medical renal disease and/or pyelonephritis.
2. Bladder wall thickening and urinary bladder debris.
3. Moderate ascites in the right lower quadrant, nonspecific but likely related to third spacing given the renal findings.